Congenital toxoplasmosis diagnosis. Current status and challenges
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4321/s2173-92772026000300009Keywords:
Toxoplasma gondii, Congenital Toxoplasmosis, Prenatal Diagnosis, Postnatal Diagnosis, Serologic Tests, Molecular Diagnostic TechniquesAbstract
Background: The diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) remains challenging due to the frequent absence of clinical manifestations, limitations of available diagnostic tests, and variability among prenatal screening programs.
Objective: To review the current status of prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis, including reference methods and emerging technologies.
Methodology: Narrative review of diagnostic tools currently used in clinical practice, as well as novel diagnostic approaches under investigation
Main findings/ Results: The combination of maternal serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of amniotic fluid is the preferred strategy for prenatal diagnosis. In neonates, Western blot supports early diagnosis; however, no single method is sufficient to definitively exclude congenital toxoplasmosis. Therefore, serological follow-up throughout the first year of life remains the confirmatory approach. Emerging innovations include advanced molecular techniques, next-generation sequencing and immunological biomarkers.
Conclusions: Diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis requires the integration of clinical, ultrasonographic, serological and molecular findings. Standardization of diagnostic techniques and implementation of screening programs are essential to improve disease detection.
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